The Colour Of Veins Biology Essay

The Colour Of Veins Biology Essay The Colour Of Veins Biology Essay The Colour of Veins When blood is observed under normal light (visible white light), it appears to be red. This is because oxy-haemoglobin only reflects the red light back into our eyes. All other colours of light are absorbed by the blood, meaning we can only see the red pigment under normal conditions. The skin absorbs low frequency wavelengths of light including the colour red, therefore the colour changes from a deep red to a blue as these are the only frequencies that can penetrate and reflect through the fat. This light is also affected by the presence of yellow subcutaneous fat (beneath the skin), changing the pigment to a green colour. The exact colour is also affected by the concentrations of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide. Oxygen increases the reflected red light, whereas diffused Carbon Dioxide increases the reflected blue light. Veins are largely translucent meaning that any observed colour change is mainly due to the colour of the dark venous blood, the depth of the vein and the surrounding tiss ues. Veins are often more visible than arteries as they are more commonly found close to the surface of the skin. This is largely due to one of their primary functions; to act as a cooling system within the body (heat exchange). Deep veins pump deoxygenated blood into the superficial veins to facilitate heat transfer during periods of intense exercise or activity. Arteries are located deeper within muscular tissue to prevent injury. If a blood vessel containing higher quantities of Carbon Dioxide is located close to the surface of the

Martha essays

Martha essays Marthas Vineyard which was once a deaf community has now became a resort spot for people to get away from their daily lives and enjoy the ocean, houses and beautiful surroundings. The year round population is about fifteen- thousand. During the summer months the population swells to almost one- hundred thousand and about twenty-five thousand each every day. In 1835 a man named John Wesley, a preacher, held camp meetings outside. This camp meeting was only one of one-hundred different revivals that were in an outdoor setting at the time. These meetings were held because the population of people who were mostly puritans were losing faith in God and the meaning of faith itself. The camp meetings became yearly events that caused the population of Marthas Vineyard to rapidly increase. So it is thought today that the new industry on Marthas Vineyard was God sent. The revivals became less spiritual and more recreational. The beautiful Victorian style houses that now cover the grounds of Marthas Vineyard were once tents that housed people for the revivals. This city where all of the revivals took place was Cottage City, and is now known as Oak Bluffs. It is now a historic site for visitors to come and visit. But that is only part of what Marthas Vineyard was once like. Marthas Vineyard was once known as a deaf utopia. The gene of deafness traces back to the early settlers who carried the gene over to the island. Jonathan Lambert was the first known deaf person and that was in the year of 1694. There was a census that was taken in the nineteenth century that measured the extent of deafness. There were two families in 1817 with deaf children, that was a total of seven deaf. A few years later in 1827 there was a total of eleven deaf. By the year of 1880 the town of Chilmark had nineteen deaf in...

Black Actresses Speak Out About Colorism

Black Actresses Speak Out About Colorism Gabrielle Union, Tika Sumpter, and  Lupita Nyong’o have all been praised for their good looks. Because they are dark-skinned, however, they have all been asked to discuss how  colorism, or skin color discrimination, affected their self-esteem. These women and other actresses, such as Keke Palmer and Vanessa Williams, have all had unique experiences in and out of the entertainment industry based on their skin color. Hearing them discuss their encounters, or lack thereof, with colorism, sheds light on the hurdles that have yet to be overcome in race relations. Pretty For a Dark-Skinned Girl Actress Keke Palmer of â€Å"Akeelah and the Bee† fame discussed her desire to be lighter-skinned while sitting on the Hollywood Confidential Panel in 2013. â€Å"When I was like 5 years old I used to pray to have light skin because I would always hear how pretty that little light skin girl was, or I would hear I was pretty ‘to be dark skinned,’†Ã‚  Palmer revealed. â€Å"It wasn’t until I was 13 that I really learned to appreciate my skin color and know that I was beautiful.† The actress went on to say that African Americans need â€Å"to stop separating ourselves by how dark or how light we are.† Praying For Light Skin Palmer’s prayer for lighter skin sounds eerily similar to Lupita Nyong’o’s prayers as a youth. The Oscar winner revealed in early 2014 that she, too, begged God for lighter skin. Teased and bullied for her dark skin, Nyong’o desperately believed that God would answer her prayer. â€Å"The morning would come and I would be so excited about seeing my new skin that I would refuse to look down at myself until I was in front of a mirror because I wanted to see my fair face first,†Ã‚  she said. â€Å"And every day I experienced the same disappointment of being just as dark as I was the day before.† The success of dark-skinned model Alek Wek helped Nyong’o to appreciate her skin color. â€Å"A celebrated model, she was dark as night, she was on all of the runways and in every magazine and everyone was talking about how beautiful she was.† â€Å"Even Oprah called her beautiful and that made it a fact. I couldn’t believe that people were embracing a woman who looked so much like me as beautiful. My complexion had always been an obstacle to overcome and all of a sudden Oprah was telling me it wasn’t.† Colorism Still Affects Gabrielle Union Actress Gabrielle Union has no shortage of admirers but  she revealed in 2010 that growing up in an all-white town led to her developing low self-esteem, particularly about her skin color. Her white classmates did not pursue her romantically and she did not meet black boys until she, an athlete, headed off to basketball camp. â€Å"When I got to go to basketball camp and I got to be around black boys, I was like cool†¦until I got dumped†¦for a light skinned girl,† she said. â€Å"And then that whole thing started. My hair isn’t straight enough. My nose isn’t pointy enough. My lips are too big. My boobs aren’t big enough. And you start going through all of that. And I realize as I’ve gotten older a lot of issues that I was dealing with at 15, I am still dealing with today.† Union said that she’s also witnessed her teenaged niece confront the same issues with skin color and hair texture, leading her to believe â€Å"that there is a lot more work to do be done.† In Hollywood, where there’s a high premium on looks, Union said that she continues to grapple with insecurities. â€Å"In the business that I am in now, it is incredibly tough, and to be honest, sometimes it is hard to keep my head above the water, sometimes I feel like I’m drowning,† she said. â€Å"†¦You don’t get a job, and you immediately want to blame it on, if my hair was different, or maybe if my nose†¦or they just want to go with light-skin girls, and you start to doubt yourself, and the self-doubts and the low self-esteem starts to creep in.† Tika Sumpter Never Felt Less Than Actress Tika Sumpter remarked in 2014 that being dark-skinned never made her feel less than her five siblings, all of whom are lighter than she is. She said that her mother, who is lighter than her, and her father, who is also dark-skinned, always appreciated her complexion. â€Å"I never felt less than, so even growing up and getting into this business I always felt like well yeah of course you’re going to like me,†Ã‚  she told Oprah Winfrey. â€Å"†¦I never felt like, wow, the light-skinned girl- she’s going to get all the boys. Growing up I was like, yeah, of course I’m cute. †¦Of course I’m going to be the president of my class three years in a row. I was never made to feel less than, and it starts at home. It really does.† Hollywood Poses Challenges For All Black Women Actress Vanessa Williams, who has light skin and eyes, was asked in 2014 to discuss the success of Lupita Nyong’o and whether skin color poses a barrier for dark-skinned women. â€Å"Getting a good role is hard no matter what you look like, and Lupita did a phenomenal job,†Ã‚  Williams said. â€Å"She went to Yale School of Drama and this was the first thing she did out of her tutelage there and she’s a brilliant actress†¦ She’s amazing because she embodied that role and made you feel. â€Å"It’s hard to get good roles anyway, no matter how fair your skin is†¦no matter how brown your skin is. It’s up to you to make the best out of each opportunity that you’re given.†

HUM310_LU2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HUM310_LU2 - Essay Example iest way is to make our government entirely consistent with itself, and give to every loyal citizen the elective franchise, - a right and power which will be ever present, and will form a wall of fire for his protection’. In the eighteenth and nineteenth century, racial discrimination was rampant and the whites maintained a racial divide within the society through deliberate use of powerful lobby of the whites and financial advantages that they enjoyed over their less privileged counterparts. Racial differences were very apparent in southern American states whereas the northern American colonies had considerably moved forward in terms of black population enjoying more rights and privileges. The slavery was motivated by the human selfishness and vested interests. So despite bill of civil rights and constitutional promulgation of abolition of slavery, the ground reality remained bleak for the blacks till the rebellion which forced the government to introduce more efficient and effective tools so that equal rights could be enjoyed by ever American citizen. The rebellion brought out the blacks in the forefront of American polity. It made Congress notice the continued oppression of the blacks and take appropriate action through legislative rights. The article is very succinct in claiming that ‘If with the negro was success in war, and without him failure, so in peace it will be found that the nation must fall or flourish with the negro’. The reconstruction of society that provides equality and basic human dignity of life has become vital for peaceful co-existence. The elected government must ensure the same. Indeed, the values have tremendously changed. The blacks are no more looked down by the hitherto privileged class. Equal opportunity has provided the masses with education and employment, considerably raising the living status of the blacks and the minority. Indeed, as the article asserts that ‘They want a reconstruction such as will protect loyal men,

Food Safety, Security in Arizona and the U.S Border Essay

Food Safety, Security in Arizona and the U.S Border - Essay Example However, it does not terminate there. Inclusive are the product’s marketing aspect and its supply and retail channels (Bagwell, Kyle, and Staiger 112). It will be appropriate then to term agribusiness a system. Since the system is a consolidation of various entities to form a working unit, similarly, agribusiness is a network of objects such as its input, processing, manufacturing, supply and retail entities. Currently, this sector is market-centered and is evolving on this basis. The consumer also wants to dictate the forces of demand and supply in this industry. Agribusiness can be attributed to various traits that clearly distinguish it from family farming. A farm operated and owned by a family is a family farm. This is not the idea propagated by the concept o agribusiness. This brings us to the first characteristic of agribusiness that is the scale. The scale of agribusiness is large. This disqualifies it as a type of family farming that is most commonly than not small scale farming. The second trait is the considerable horizontal and vertical integration. This can be best explained by an instance where a company might own an industry that produces canned fish, along with a myriad of fish farms that produce the fish as well as an enterprise that provides employees. It may be even in possession of another company whose task is to supply and retail the finished products to the consumers (Bagwell, Kyle, and Staiger 112). Of the consideration under the traits of agribusiness is how operations take place, is that Administrators are responsible for activities in an agribusiness who are preferable to having farmers running the organization. This clearly informs us that agribusiness is out to maximize profits like any other business. This gives it an extremely proficient system which is organized and streamlined which allows agribusiness to keep the costs of food low. This is achievable by minimizing the costs

Marketing Mix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Mix - Essay Example All the element s of the marketing mix can affect consumers is multiple ways. Therefore, marketing mix is used by firms to achieve its objectives (Lancaster and Reynolds 2003). This happens when these marketing tools are employed by an organization to pursue the target market marketing of a product entails creating an excellent marketing mix with the right product being matched with the right price, suitable proportions and in the right place. When developing a befitting marketing program for an organization, the marketing manager is required to weigh behavioral forces before juggling marketing mix elements while taking into account the resources at his disposal. The organization must consider itself as a single organism in a world of complex forces. Many other industries are competing with the industry in which the firm is only a part of (Brassington and Pettit 2006). The marketing department must develop a mix of procedures that make maximum use of the available resources. Marketer s are required to look for opportunities in the method of operation. A small organization cannot use procedures from large organizations. Though the two companies may deal with similar products, they are likely to be different in many respects. A compelling example is the industrial goods industry. Small companies go for regional sales as opposed to national distribution that is practiced by large corporations. Small companies go for limited and specialized fields of operation while large organizations seek to patronize full lines. The marketing mix of a company is largely the result of evolution that comes from day-to-day marketing. The marketing mix represents programs that marketers have evolved to meet challenges with which they are constantly faced in a dynamic and ever changing market. They can be referred to as tactical maneuvers. New products are faced with aggressive promotions. Sometimes a price change initiated by a competitor must be met and accurately considered. In cas e of faltering sales must be stimulated while declines must be remedied. Marketing mix helps replace advertising approach, which has lost effectiveness (Lancaster and Reynolds 2003). Marketers need to maintain effective channels for information that relates to the operation of companies. This includes consumer behaviors, trade and competitors. Short range forces contribute a large part of the marketing mix which helps in the allocation of expenditures. Dynamics of the 4Ps Past empiricism and foresight dictate the plans and procedures that contribute to the marketing mix. Marketers need to have an idea as to what should be done so as to be remaining successful in a dynamic market. Long-range plans are vital in economic, technological and natural trends must be successfully managed by marketers in a turbulence market. Marketing mix allocation of resources and planning has taken prominence in many companies whose aim is to optimize spending. Marketers are under intense pressure achieve their targets with the available resources. Marketing mix seeks to strike a balance with regard to strategy and achieving organizational goals (Brassington and Pettit 2006). Marketing mix is both strategy and procedure that facilitates effective allocation of organizational resources with an aim of striking a proper balance. Marketers must use the mix in order to make the goals and organizational progress sustainable. Pricing must take into account the quality of the product and the prices of similar commodities in the market without affecting the profitability of the organization. Marketers can plan accurately when they have a functional marketing mix. Marketing mix concept is relatively simple. The concept reveals facts about areas which should be addressed. They serve as a guide to management

Professional Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Professional Research Methods - Essay Example Other concerns about the applicability of quantitative methodologies to in-dept examination of complex social phenomena include taking the collected data out of the real-world setting, poor representativeness and generalisation of data, exclusion of discovery from the realm of scientific inquiry, etc. The institutional structure of business and management research has also reacted to the criticism of the positivist paradigm. Increasing numbers of qualitative studies published domestically and internationally have challenged the traditional view of qualitative research paradigm as the inferior to the more rigorous and reliable quantitative methodology. The aim of this paper is to identify the major research designs and techniques associated with each methodology and to provide explanation on the views about the nature of knowledge (epistemology) and the nature of reality (ontology) underlying these perspectives. There are various classifications of methods used in the area of professional research, but the most common classification splits the methods into two large groups, namely quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative methodology employs methods historically applied in the natural (physical) sciences. The primary task of quantitative research is to ensure validity and reliability of results (Dingwall et al, 1998). Examples of quantitative methods widely used in the social sciences and business and management research are survey methods, formal methods (e.g. econometrics), laboratory experiments and several numerical methods (e.g. mathematical modelling) (Myers, 1997). Quantitative research implies standardized questionnaires and methods of data analysis, specific position of the researcher whom is considered external to the research, replicability of the results regardless of the context, etc (Wainer and Braun, 1998). While reliability and validity are the most often cited strengths of the quantitative methodology, poor applicability of this methodology to exploration of a phenomenon, which is difficult or impossible to quantify, is considered a serious weakness. The main drawback that limits applicability of quantitative methods is the so-called 'decontextualization': models constructed on the basis of data obtained through quantitative methods do not take into account certain variables that act in the real world context (Patton, 1987). Qualitative methodology utilizes a naturalistic approach seeking to understand phenomena in a specific context, such as "real world setting [where] the researcher does not attempt to manipulate the phenomenon of interest" (Patton, 2002: 39). The broad definition of qualitative research is "any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification" (Strauss and Corbin, 1990: 17). Qualitative research reveals findings observed in the real world context where the phenomena being studied unfold naturally (Patton, 2002). The motivation underlying qualitative research is the researchers desire to understand the social and cultural phenomena within the real-world setting. Qualitative methods are designed to