Leading and Managing Organizational for Theory - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLeading and Managing Organizational for Theory. Answer: Introduction of Self Hi everyone. My name is [insert ]. I am a student at the university pursing a [insert] program. I have been working in a book publishing industry for the last 3 years. My company is involved in publishing books for children, including career information resources and storybooks. The book industry in my country is very rigid, and change is static and slow moving, with publishers choosing to stick to the traditional publishing of hard copy books. In Australia, the publishing industry has remained traditional, often sticking to the standard ways of doing things and experiencing delays in the adoption and implementation of any planned changes (Arendt, 2008). However, there have been considerable strides in the book industry with a shift and focus towards adoption of digital technologies and ebooks (Cope Gollings, 2001). These represent the changing fortunes of the publishing industry in Australia including a move to digital content and online business (Cope Mason, 2001). Initially, I j oined the organization purely as a blogger, working on the organization online content, managing websites, updating the social media platforms and serving as the communications link within the organization. I have since joined a team of expert set aside to lead and implement digital platforms designed to develop and implement changes, pursue a digital strategy and effectively adopt and explore opportunities in digital publishing in my company. As I reflect on the various events that have happened in my work and job environment over the last few years, I have realized that change is indeed unavoidable and it affects every aspect of the industry. Describe Objectively what Happened Over a year ago, my company introduced a digital book product called Simulia. Simulia was a mobile application that allowed parents and teachers to access storybooks on android mobile applications and read the storybooks with their children. It was a subscription based application that allowed parents to subscribe in order to access the digital storybooks. I was tasked with the responsibility of leading the development of the digital product and recruiting parents to subscribe to the platform. It required a different set of book marketing, including creating digital plan and strategy, developing marketing materials, both online and offline, targeting high-end schools and recruiting parents with android smartphones to pilot and test the digital mobile book application. As a team leader, I experienced a lot and wore very many hats, serving from the management of the service, lending my analytics on the back end of the application, marketing the product and performing the development ta sks including checking for bugs and setting up the online payment systems for the consumers. Interpret the Events Consider why they Happened in the way they did. Reflecting on the changes, I get the feeling that they had to happen the way they did because my company was looking into tapping into the lucrative, young, yet growing digital publishing industry in Australia (Tian Martin, 2009). This was also borne from the realization that customer preferences are changing, with buyers seeking multiple was of interacting with and purchasing products from the company. Initially, customers were relying on booksellers and bookshops, but recently, customers there was a growing interest among customers to buy books online through websites and purchase digital content on tablets (Tian, 2008). Moreover, the growth in the digital and self publishing industry in Australia had created another unique subset of the market that remained untapped (Daly and Organ, 2009). Unfortunately, our Simulia pilot product did not take off as initially planned. Although we had made significant changes, including set aside a complete team of strategists and conducted several brainstorming and strategy formulation sessions, it was a great disappointment as the product failed to take up in the market. I came to learn that the failure of the change initiative and the lack of the product take up represented many other failed initiatives in implementing digital products, developing e-books and promoting the e-books to the consumers in the market (Daniels, 2006; Burke, 2013). Explain what you Saw and Heard When I was in the meeting, I saw my team struggling with coming up with the right strategy for selling digital books. Some were very vocal and categorical in saying that we were not ready for the digital uptake (Oreg, 2006). Others were of the opinion that the book publishing industry in Australia was not ready to take up on the digital platforms. Moreover, a large amount of investment was being made into the project implying that failure to implement the change successfully would cause serious losses for the company. Yet, there were those who were willing to try the new product. There was also the observed reaction of customers in the market. There were those who were enthusiastic to take on the new idea and try it out, yet there were those who avoided it completely, citing cists, challenge of access to internet and generally a lack of awareness of the utilization of digital technology and e-books in learning and reading for children (Pederit, 2000). your new Insights, Connections with other Learning and your Feeling When the product failed to take place, I was disappointed. I felt that I had failed as a team leader because I could not drove and implement the desired change strategy. Yet, I gained new insights regarding the adoption and implementation of new technology in the market. I realized that coping with the changing business environment and successfully implementing a change strategy requires a careful evaluation of capabilities and resources of the organization, designing new business strategies and re-engineering processes in the organization (Kaplan Norton, 2001). Yet, we did not put into consideration these factors. I learnt that the digital revolution, globalization and the borderless technology is applying serious pressure on the publishing industry to change and adopt the new changes (Gilley, Dixon Gilley, 2008). I learnt also about the internal forces and external forces driving the need and adoption of new changes in the industry. At the end of it all, I felt that all was not l ost because I was able to learn a lot from the implementation process. The new insights, learning and knowledge gathered has improved my confidence and belief that I can actually implement a change strategy in the organization. Week 6 reflection: your hypotheses After going through these experiences, I have come up with a number of hypothesis regarding development and implementation of change in the Australian book publishing company. there are my hypothesis: Change is a complex processes involving several interlinked factors and drivers The major trends in Australian book publishing industry, especially driven by technology requires implementation of transformational change strategies Change is an inevitable phenomenon and organizations must change or perish Conclusions Answer the question what might this mean? The implications from my experiences mean that the digital publishing industry is full of risks and challenges for the various stakeholders. I have reached the conclusion that while digital publishing represents significant opportunities; the difficulty in the adoption of the new technology and the structural challenges implies that there will be a slow adoption of change and transitioning from the traditional to digital publishing. I can also say that despite the existence of negative perspectives and the failed uptake of our digital product, digital publishing remains an opportunity. The future of digital technology and publishing will depend on a radical shift of the strategies and implementation of transformation changes while taking into consideration the changing customer preferences. Evaluate the effectiveness and usefulness of the experience, its value and why? Thos experience was very effective and useful. For the first time I was able to lead a diverse team and perform different tasks and duties around developing a digital product, enacting change strategies and implementing the same in the market. I believe that I have learnt a lot about organization change and development and trying to implement the same in a real workplace. I have also learnt about the complex nature of organization change and that it occurs either due to internal or external drivers, or a combination of both (Dooley, 1997). I have learnt that the publishing industry in Australia is experiencing immense pressure due to calls for digitization, globalization, and increasing competition, both within and outside the industry (). I have learned that while change is inevitable, implementing change without clear plan only results into reactive strategies. It would be important to plan everything and have clear objectives before commencing any organizational change initiative. Plan how this Information will be useful to you I have learnt a lot from the exercise. Although the digital product did not pick up in the market, I have learnt a lot from the experience. I gathered relevant information and insights that have guided me in performing my job well. I believe that I have learned different approaches of implementing organization change that will go a great length in propelling me in my career. I have since undertaken several projects in strategic planning and implementation of change. I have been called upon by my organization to share insights on implementing new technologies and share on the drawbacks of undertaking digital projects in the publishing industry. I see myself working on many digital products and offerings, both in the publishing sector and other sectors in the near future because of the knowledge, skills and experiences learnt while engaging in the change implementation process. I am now an enthusiasts of new technology and its adoption in the publishing industry because I have learnt t hat technology is the main driver of organization change. References Arendt, L. (2008). Barriers to ICT adoption in SMEs: how to bridge the digital divide?.Journal of Systems and Information Technology,10(2), 93-108. Burke, W. W. (2013).Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Cope, B., Mason, D. (2001).Creator to Consumer in a Digital Age: Australian Book Production in Transition. Common Ground. Cope, B., Gollings, G. (2001).Multilingual book production. Common Ground. Daly, R., Organ, M. (2009). Research online: Digital Commons as a publishing platform at the University of Wollongong, Australia.Serials Review,35(3), 149-153. Daniels, M. (2006). Brave new world, digitization of content: the opportunities for booksellers and the booksellers association.London: Booksellers Association. Dooley, K. J. (1997). A complex adaptive systems model of organization change.Nonlinear dynamics, psychology, and life sciences,1(1), 69-97. Gilley, A., Dixon, P., Gilley, J. W. (2008). Characteristics of leadership effectiveness: Implementing change and driving innovation in organizations.Human Resource Development Quarterly,19(2), 153-169. Kaplan, R. S., Norton, D. P. (2001).The strategy-focused organization: How balanced scorecard companies thrive in the new business environment. Harvard Business Press. Oreg, S. (2006). Personality, context, and resistance to organizational change.European journal of work and organizational psychology,15(1), 73-101. Piderit, S. K. (2000). Rethinking resistance and recognizing ambivalence: A multidimensional view of attitudes toward an organizational change.Academy of management review,25(4), 783-794. Tian, X., Martin, B. (2009). Business models in digital book publishing: some insights from Australia.Publishing research quarterly,25(2), 73-88. Tian, X. (2008). Book Publishing in Australia: The potential impact of digital technologies on business models.

The Russian language is the mirror of the language game Review Essay Example

The Russian language is the mirror of the language game Review Paper Essay on The Russian language is the mirror of the language game Doctor of Philology Vladimir Z. Sannikov a very respected researcher in the field of the history of Russian and other East Slavic languages ​​ This book -. Monographic study that allows to understand the linguistic features of the language of jokes, to study the mechanism of comic effect. And it explores these characteristics and a scientist from the point of view of phonetics and morphology, and vocabulary, and syntax, and style Sannikov notes that in the field of phonetics to create a comic effect author can use alliteration ( Lanterns like a replica of the dispute magician and philosopher Florence Fountain of Fortune Phantom P. Vegin), sharp and deliberate violation of norms orthoepic ( chameleon mot - the dollar, dollar, Vladimir Nabokov), intonation and reflects her punctuation (Known anecdote: 20s: How do you live? the beginning of the 30s: How do you live? the end of the 30s: How ?! You live?) We will write a custom essay sample on The Russian language is the mirror of the language game Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Russian language is the mirror of the language game Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Russian language is the mirror of the language game Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the field of graphics and spelling researcher osboe attention is drawn to concrete poetry (she gives interesting examples from the late seventeenth. on the twenty-first century), and gives examples of removing intervals reduction (Castle in the face -. Deputy commander of maritime Affairs) I would especially like to highlight the section on morphology. The author shows how to build a comic phrase on the basis of reliance on the grammar, without the support of vocabulary (in Love Wolf invites you to the Fox Theater and promises to behave:. Not to swear and talk only about the colors Wolf kept his promise when he saw that the hare took his place. he said: Hey, rose !! well nartsis here, or Ill so on jasmine tulip that you obsirenishsya!). The author also demonstrates the role that plays in yazzykovyh jokes harping affixes and word forms. In the book a lot of interesting facts, intriguing examples what Sannikov offers readers the court so-called UFO (unidentified linguistic objects). The author lists examples which he does not dare to interpret. The reader himself must try to explain how to construct this a joke, a linguistic phenomenon in this case is used. ( Brevity the sister of talent, but the stepmother fee) The application offers the author, devoted to the pun. Naturally, the attached list of references, an index, a pointer to beat the words and forms. The book is for those who are sick language, seeks to know its intricacies, and everyone who loves language jokes.

Barack Obama - Terms as President

Barack Obama - Terms as President President Barack Obama served two terms in the White House and ended up being more  popular than his predecessor, George W. Bush, at the the time he left office, according to public opinion polls. But Obamas popularity didnt mean he  could have run for a third term, as some conspiracy theorists suggested. U.S. presidents have been limited to serving only two four-year terms in the White House since 1951, when the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution was ratified.   Obamas terms as president began on Jan. 20, 2009. He served his last day  in office  Jan. 20, 2017. He served eight years in the White House and was succeeded by Republican President Donald Trump. Obama, like most ex-presidents, hit the speaking circuit after leaving office. The Third Term Conspiracy Theory Conservative critics of Obama began raising the prospect of a third term early in his tenure in the White House. Their motivation was the raise money for conservative candidates by way of scare tactics. In fact, subscribers to one of former U.S. House Speaker Newt Gingrichs email newsletters were warned of a specific scenario that must have seem rather frightening President Barack Obama running for, and winning, a third term as president in 2016. Conspiracy theorists believed the 22nd Amendment limiting presidents to two terms in office somehow would be wiped from the books by the time the 2016 campaign rolled around, after Obama had won re-election to a second term in 2012. That, of course, never happened. Trump pulled off an upset against Democrat Hillary Clinton. Spreading Rumors About a Third Term The email from Gingrich Marketplace, which is managed by the conservative group Human Events, claimed Obama would win a second term and then go on to win a third term that would begin in 2017 and last through 2020 despite a constitutional ban on such a thing. The truth is, the next election has already been decided. Obama is going to win. Its nearly impossible to beat an incumbent president. Whats actually at stake right now is whether or not he will have a third-term, wrote an advertiser to subscribers of the list. The message itself was not written by the former 2012 presidential hopeful. The email neglected to mention the 22nd Amendment, which reads in part: No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice ... The Notion of a Third Term in Wartime Still, even some pundits writing in the mainstream media raised the question of whether Obama could serve a third term, depending on world events at the time a second term would expire.  Faheem Younus, a clinical associate professor at the University of Maryland and founder of the website Muslimerican.com, wrote in The Washington Post that attacking Iran could give Americans reason to keep Obama as president for a third term. Wartime presidents can sell a Double Whopper to a vegetarian, Younus wrote.  As the festinate decision of bombing Iran turns into a global conflict, dont expect our constitutional law professor turned president to decline his partys suggestion: if it can be ratified; it can be repealed. Repealing the 22nd Amendment - which some argue was never vetted publicly - is not unthinkable. The notion of a third term was not unthinkable at one time. Before the ratification of the 22nd Amendment,  Franklin Delano Roosevelt  was elected to four terms in the White House - in 1932, 1936, 1940, and 1944. He is the only president to have served more than two terms. Other Obama Conspiracy Theories Obama critics spread numerous conspiracy theories during his two terms in office. At one point, nearly one in five American wrongly believed Obama is a Muslim. Numerous widely circulated emails erroneously claimed Obama  refused to recognize the National Day of Prayer. Others believed his signature accomplishment, an overhaul of health care in the United States, paid for abortions. The most nefarious of the conspiracy theories, one propagated by Trump himself, was that Obama was born in Kenya and not Hawaii, and that because he was not born here he was not eligible to serve as president. So maybe a third term for Obama wasnt such a crazy idea, all things considered.

9 Professional Lessons from Donald Trump

9 Professional Lessons from Donald Trump Hate him or love him, Donald Trump has proved to be an†¦ummm, colorful addition to the 2016 presidential race. But long before he was wearing those Make Donald Trump Again hats, he was a go-to resource for flashy business entrepreneurtainment. Now, we’re not recommending a full on Trump-ification of your professional life, but here are some things we’ve learned from him (even if it’s what not to do) that could be applied to our own careers.1. Never let them forget your name.via Richard Bravo2. How ’bout a little flash?via Wikipedia3. Try new things.4. Be ready for the unexpected.5. Don’t take your job for granted.6. Don’t hate the player, hate the game.(Unless you do hate the player- in which case don’t go on a Twitter tirade against said player.)via BoardGameGeek7. Sometimes you just need a break.8. You’re not here to make friends.9. It ain’t over ‘til it’s over.via AmazonOh, and this goes without sayin g. Don’t sell steaks at sharper image. You will fail. Period.

Conservative Muslims In Liberal Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conservative Muslims In Liberal Britain - Essay Example It emerges that despite the desire by the Muslim parents that their children embrace the liberal culture in Britain, there is still a high incidence of segregation in terms of education that is offered to the children. The parents who insist on taking their children to the Muslim schools majorly fuel the segregation. Young Muslims between the age of 16 and 24 years who are better educated as compared to their parents in Britain are more conservative. Thisgroupstronglysupports sharia laws, anti-gay activities and even dem and death penalties for the act. Itthusshowsthatdevelopment in a close-knit society with a Muslim education makes the children more conservative. It emerges that despite the desire by the Muslim parents that their children embrace the liberal culture in Britain, there is still a high incidence of segregation in terms of education that is offered to the children. The parents who insist on taking their children to the Muslim schools majorly fuel the segregation. Young Muslims between the age of 16 and 24 years who are better educated as compared to their parents in Britain are more conservative. Thisgroupstronglysupports sharia laws, anti-gay activities and even dem and death penalties for the act. Itthusshowsthatdevelopment in a close-knit society with a Muslim education makes the children more conservative. The social and the cultural way of life of the conservative Muslims are also put to question in the program with eliciting of response from the leaders of Islam.

Strategic management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Strategic management - Case Study Example Distributors are the â€Å"intermediaries between the studios and exhibitors.† Distribution consists of marketing, logistics, and administration. Studios have traditionally desired full vertical integration through theater ownership, which enabled greater control over audiences and being able to tap into exhibition profits, such as advertising revenues. Falling ticket sales and the amplified costs connected with developing megaplexes promoted the consolidation among exhibitors. Four companies control the exhibition market: Regal, AMC, Cinemark, and Carmike. Regal focuses on mid-size markets using multiplexes and megaplexes. In 2009, Regal’s average ticket price of $8.15 is the uppermost among the leaders. AMC operates more in urban areas with megaplexes and focuses on the large population centers, such as California, Florida, and Texas. Cinemark operates in smaller markets, and is often the sole theater chain in over 80 percent of its markets. Cinemark’s average ticket price of $5.46 was the lowest of the major competitors. Carmike focuses on small to midsized markets. Carmike’s standard ticket price in 2009 was $6.56, but at $3.21, their average concession revenue per patron is the uppermost among the majors. There are three main sources of revenue for exhibitors: concessions, advertising, and box office receipts. Movie goers regularly complain about the high prices for concessions. In 2009, concessions reached an average of 30 percent of exhibitor revenues. Direct costs are a smaller amount than 15 percent of selling price, which makes concessions the principal source of exhibitor profit. These are affected by the three factors: attendance, pricing, and material costs. The most central is attendance: more attendees mean more concession sales. Exhibitors also produce revenue through pre-show advertising. Even when it makes 5 percent of revenues, it is highly lucrative. Ticket sales constitute two

Access to the Bendee Essay Example for Free

Access to the Bendee Essay The availability of relevant local culture, indigenous practices and knowledge combined with new ideas in technology and science can generate successful sustainable community development through innovation. Indigenous knowledge will not only contribute to the success of intervention, but better still its sustainability into the future. Numerous indigenous communities worldwide have always developed, operated and acted to different life challenges using indigenous methods passed on from one generation to the next. Our main focus in this paper will be to study and design a simple bridge, highlighting the use of relevant traditional and indigenous knowledge and cultural heritage amongst the Aboriginal people and technology to create a way across the Nebine Creek. Introduction Access to the Bendee Downs site requires vehicles to cross the Nebine Creek which remains impassable during the wet seasons. The site is a ten hour car trip from Brisbane, the closest city with a major airport, and can be accessed via the Murra Murra Road off the Balonne Highway or the Munda Munda Road and east via Fernlee Road. See more: Analysis of Starbucks coffee company employees essay Nebine River is approximately twenty meters wide. The bridge design would respect the Nebine Creek’s cultural importance to the Kooma People; it provides a place where they can identify with their homeland and share their culture hence should be protected (EWB Challenge, 2010). The property has become a conservation icon for the region due to its conservation values. About 40km of the Nebine Creek flow through the properties and it has a 4km permanent waterhole behind the old homestead. During the rainy seasons, the wetlands render the river impassable yet still it hosts a vast diversity of birds and fauna hence rendering it regionally, nationally and internationally valuable (EWB Challenge, 2010). Our design had to borrow much from the indigenous knowledge of the local community in conserving the site to design a technologically sound bridge. The following were considered in the design process: †¢ The maximum load it can support at the middle. †¢ The maximum load divided by the weight of the bridge (a measure of efficient use of materials) †¢ Aesthetic appeal of the final project to give the conservation efforts a boost. †¢ The materials to be used. We settled on locally available materials like wood to make it affordable and to make use of indigenous knowledge. The design process was geared towards solving the problem of impassable road by building a beam wooden bridge that would be capable to allow even small vehicles to go across. This was supposed to present a creative solution and involve teamwork in implementing the design. Background Information Indigenous knowledge, sometimes referred to as ‘local knowledge’, ‘traditional science’ or ‘folk knowledge’ is a form of knowledge that is unique to a culture or society. It is passed from generation to generation by word of mouth and cultural rituals and has been applied in almost all forms of life including cooking, health care, agriculture, conservation, education and several other facets of life that have sustained societies the world over. The indigenous way of practical learning has been interrupted by the abstract form of formal and academic way of learning witnessed presently (Fien, 2010). As the indigenous knowledge disappears, with it goes the valuable knowledge about ways of living sustainably. In order to fulfil our objective of the design project, first we sought to find how the Aborigines lived and travelled in the past. This we did to help us understand the local conditions and provide a productive context for our design to help the community. Traditionally Aboriginal people carried as little as possible in their journeys and usually chose implements which were multi-purpose. They would revisit favourite campsites of previous years where they had left that were too heavy to carry. These items would be left closer to water so that it wouldn’t need to be carried far. The women carried items on their heads and would make a ring shaped cushion of human hair, manguri, to wear when carrying heavy loads such as a big wooden dish etc. Men sometimes after hunting would carry a kangaroo on their heads. They carried their babies in a pouch in the back of a possum skin cloak (Berowra Valley Regional Park, 2010). This knowledge was very important in choosing the best type of bridge. Types of Bridges Several types of bridges are in existence today such as: Beam Bridges, Box Girder Bridges, Arch Bridges, Truss Bridges, Suspension Bridges, Cable Stayed Bridges. Examples of these bridges are included in the appendix Beam Bridges A beam bridge is very simple. The farther apart its supports are, the weaker it becomes. Although the beam needs careful design, it is cheap and easy to manufacture but this compromises on its beauty. Box Girder Bridges This is similar to the beam bridge but with a girder, box shaped, which makes it stronger. The girder needs careful design; it is cheap and easy to manufacture but not very beautiful. The performance of a beam bridge can be improved by using supports i. e. arches, trusses, cables. Arch Bridges Being one of the oldest types of bridge, they have great natural strength. Instead of pushing straight down, its weight is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end. These supports or abutments carry the load and keep its ends from spreading out. Although they are heavy, they are strong if well designed and can be very beautiful. Truss Bridges Truss bridges are mostly empty space, but very effective. They are made of thin triangulated assemblies of metal members. They have a very good strength to weight performance and can be incorporated into any design. They are usually very beautiful. Suspension Bridges A suspension bridge as its name suggests, suspends the roadway from huge main cables extending from one end of the bridge to the other. All the highly stressed parts of a suspension bridge are in tension apart from the towers. These cables which rest on top of towers are secured at each end by anchorages. They have a high aesthetic value, are light and strong. They span greater distances, are expensive and are susceptible to wobble if designed improperly. Cable-Stayed Bridges The cables are attached to the towers which bear the load alone. They are very beautiful and require less cable. They are easier and faster to build but require stronger towers. Core Material The design process Design of an arch bridge. Initially, a suspension bridge and other options were considered but because of the sandy nature of the place and foundation limitations, we decided on an arch bridge. We set to design a timber bridge over the Nebine Creek not only capable of carrying pedestrians and animals but also motor vehicles. This bridge would be built on concrete and stone abutments for the many girder span designed. Instead of pushing straight down, the weight of the bridge (mainly made of laminated softwood) is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end. These supports or abutments carry the load and keep its ends from spreading out. The abutments should carry a span of 22 meters. Four pairs of wooden beams, running lengthwise to the in relation to the bridge i. e. ‘longitudinal’, will rest on hammerhead bearings. The wooden beams are made of wooden pieces put in layers and glued together to form a larger beam. The layers, which are glued laminated wooden beams to make them more durable, are laid horizontally to form the main beam. Each pair measures 1 meter by 0. 5 meters, 15 centimetres thick. The span is 22 meters. The beams are to be made of softwoods like pine which are readily available in the community. To hold the pieces together firmly, metal brackets would be used to bolt the pieces together. On top of the stringers, small pieces of timber would be laid across and a coating of asphalt pavement would provide the road wearing surface. Since the stream has high banks and can hold rising waters caused by a flash flood during the rainy season, a concrete and stone arch bridge was chosen. The goal was to maintain the level of the road to allow for maximum potential stream flow. Traditionally, each family amongst the Aboriginal people would have a canoe, made from a single sheet of bark heated under low temperatures and then bent into shape. These canoes were used for fishing and crossing rivers especially during the rainy seasons. A base of clay built in the bottom of the canoe, would be used to light fire to cook some of the fish caught from the river. The remainder of the fish would be brought ashore to be shared amongst the rest of the people. Crossing rivers, they would put logs across minor streams and sometimes large rocks would be used (Berowra Valley Regional Park, 2010). Examples of these are shown in the appendix. A simple model would be made of wood to test the usability of the bridge. A bridge plan diagram was drawn to determine the amount necessary; this was done by tracing on the arch at the bottom with a pencil. On the model, an allowance of 10 inches is left from the end of the boards on the bottom cut to allow plenty of support on the stringers to carry the weight of the bridge. The amount of arch on the model was determined by using tack and string to make the arch. Wood glue is used to attach the pieces together, the cut out pieces are attached to the top of the stringer with a bead of wood glue and small screws (they are put on the underside so that they do not show. The pieces are then brought together to form the model beam.